Bacteriophages (phages), as natural antibacterial agents, are being rediscovered because
of the growing threat of multi-and pan-drug-resistant bacterial pathogens globally. However …

Bacteriophage (phage) T4 has served as an extraordinary model to elucidate biological
structures and mechanisms. Recent discoveries on the T4 head (capsid) structure, portal …

Because vaccine development is a difficult process, this study reviews aspects of phages as
vaccine delivery vehicles through a literature search. The results demonstrated that because …

Vaccination is one of the most successful measures in modern medicine to combat
diseases, especially infectious diseases, and saves millions of lives every year. Vaccine …

Viruses lacking the capacity to infect mammals exhibit minimal toxicity, good
biocompatibility, and well-defined structures. As self-organized biomolecular assemblies …

Designing artificial viral vectors (AVVs) programmed with biomolecules that can enter
human cells and carry out molecular repairs will have broad applications. Here, we describe …

The ability to deliver therapeutic genes and biomolecules into a human cell and restore a
defective function has been the holy grail of medicine. Adeno-associated viruses and …

Vaccines that trigger mucosal immune responses at the entry portals of pathogens are
highly desired. Here, we showed that antigen-decorated nanoparticle generated through …

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) becomes a worldwide public health
threat. Increasing evidence proves that COVID-19-induced acute injuries could be reversed …

Covid‐19 vaccines have within the first year prevented about 14 million deaths but did not
induce a strong mucosal immune response. Data from US, UK, Singapore and Israel …