The presence of complementary information across multiple sensory or motor modalities
during learning, referred to as multimodal enrichment, can markedly benefit learning …

Handwriting (HW) training seems to boost recognition of visual graphs and learning to read
more than other learning experiences. However, effects across studies appear to be variable …

Previous research indicates that writing practice may be more beneficial than nonmotor
practice for letter learning. Here, we report a training study comparing typing, visual, and …

Writing is an eclectic phenomenon whose many facets are studied by the young
interdisciplinary field of grapholinguistics. Linguistically, writing is a system of graphic marks …

Background Studies have reported a strong association between children's early literacy
skills at preschool and their reading and writing skills at primary school. However, it is …

Countless experiments have been devoted to understanding techniques through which
memory might be improved. Many strategies uncovered in the literature are thought to act …

According to the oscillation theory of handwriting, letters are formed by the coupled
modulation of horizontal and vertical oscillations of the hands. This modulation-oscillation …

Both children and adults have been shown to benefit from the integration of multisensory
and sensorimotor enrichment into pedagogy. For example, integrating pictures or gestures …

We extended the results of a previous study suggesting that although practice in a grapho-
motor task by 7-to 8-year-olds led to gains in within-session performance, no long-term …

Letter production relies on a tight coupling between motor movements and visual feedback—
each stroke of the letter is visually experienced as it is produced. Experience with letter …