Although rates of child maltreatment are declining, more than 600,000 children in the United
States are substantiated victims of abuse or neglect. The focus of this review is on the …

Depression is a multifactorial disorder with clinically heterogeneous features involving
disturbances of mood and cognitive function. Noninvasive neuroimaging studies have …

Objectives To provide a quantitative and qualitative synthesis of the available evidence on
the role of Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal (HPA) axis in the pathophysiology of Bipolar …

A great deal of research aims to identify risk factors related to individual vulnerability to
develop stress-induced psychopathologies. Here, we summarize evidence that point at …

We provide a theoretical and empirical basis for the claim that individual differences exist in
developmental plasticity and that phenotypic plasticity should be a subject of study in its own …

Evidence that adverse rearing environments exert negative effects particularly on children
and adults presumed “vulnerable” for temperamental or genetic reasons may actually reflect …

Given the high prevalence and burden of mental disorders, fostering the understanding of
protective factors is an urgent issue for translational medicine in psychiatry. The concept of …

Gene-by-environment interactions (G× Es) can provide important biological insights into
psychiatric disorders and may consequently have direct clinical implications. In this review …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is increasingly recognized as both a disorder of
enormous mental health and societal burden, but also as an anxiety disorder that may be …

Highlights•Intervention efforts aimed at child problems prove only modestly effective due to
heterogeneity in their efficacy.•Experimental-intervention research reveals that some …