Larval and adult mosquitoes mount immune responses against pathogens that invade their
hemocoel. Although it has been suggested that a correlation exists between immune …

Whether specific immune protection after initial pathogen exposure (immune memory)
occurs in invertebrates has long been uncertain. The absence of antibodies, B-cells and T …

Aquatic organisms have to produce proteins or factors that help maintain a stable
relationship with microbiota and prevent colonization by pathogenic microorganisms. In …

Increasing evidence confirms that histone modification plays a critical role in preserving long-
term immunological memory. Immune priming is a novel form of immunological memory …

Protective symbionts can defend hosts from parasites through several mechanisms, from
direct interference to modulating host immunity, with subsequent effects on host and parasite …

Pathogens are abundant and drive evolution of host immunity. Whilst immune memory is
classically associated with adaptive immunity, studies in diverse species now show that …

Mosquitoes have evolved an effective innate immune system. The mosquito gut
accommodates various microbes, which play a crucial role in shaping the mosquito immune …

Holothuroids (sea cucumbers) are one of the most ubiquitous groups of benthic animals
found across diverse marine ecosystems. As echinoderms, they also occupy an important …

Understanding how engineered nanomaterials affect immune responses of living organisms
requires a strong collaborative effort between immunologists, toxicologists, ecologists …

Insect metamorphosis is one of the most recognized processes delimiting transitions
between phenotypes. It has been traditionally postulated as an adaptive process decoupling …