Camouflage is one of the most widespread antipredator strategies in the animal kingdom,
yet no animal can match its background perfectly in a complex environment. Therefore …

There is huge diversity in visual systems and color discrimination abilities, thought to stem
from an animal's ecology and life history. Many primate species maintain a polymorphism in …

Comparative studies of egg recognition and rejection between various sympatric hosts
provide insight into the coevolutionary history of the hosts and parasites, as well as the …

Many hosts have evolved diverse cognitive mechanisms to recognize and reduce the cost of
social parasitism. For example, great reed warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceus can …

Brood parasitism is a specialized form of parasitism in which the offspring of a parasite
develops on the food provisions gathered by a host species for its own young. Obligate …

One of the most effective defenses against avian brood parasitism is the rejection of the
foreign egg from the host's nest. Until recently, most studies have tested whether hosts …

In the coevolutionary interactions between avian brood parasites and their hosts, egg
recognition based on color and/or pattern is a common and effective defense to counter …

Natural selection generally favours phenotypic variability in camouflaged organisms,
whereas aposematic organisms are expected to evolve a more uniform warning coloration …

Parasites may, in multi-parasite systems, block the defenses of their hosts and thus thwart
host recognition of parasites by frequency-dependent selection. Nest defenses as frontline …

Brood parasitized and/or colonial birds use egg features as visual identity signals, which
allow parents to recognize their own eggs and avoid paying fitness costs of misdirecting …