Currently licensed COVID-19 vaccines are all designed for intramuscular (IM) immunization.
However, vaccination today failed to prevent the virus infection through the upper respiratory …

Vaccines are powerful tools for controlling microbial infections and preventing epidemic
diseases. Efficient inactive, subunit, or viral-like particle vaccines usually rely on a safe and …

Vaccination is an urgently needed and effective option to address epidemic, cancers,
allergies, and other diseases. Nasal administration of vaccines offers many benefits over …

The newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2)
variants with high transmission rates and striking immune evasion have posed a serious …

Nasal drug delivery is advantageous when compared with other routes of drug delivery as it
avoids the hepatic first-pass effect, blood–brain barrier penetration, and compliance issues …

Introduction The upper respiratory tract is a major route of infection for COVID-19 and other
respiratory diseases. Thus, it appears logical to exploit the nose as administration site to …

Recent events involving the global coronavirus pandemic have focused attention on
vaccination strategies. Although tremendous advances have been made in subcutaneous …

Vaccination is one of the most successful measures in modern medicine to combat
diseases, especially infectious diseases, and saves millions of lives every year. Vaccine …

Intranasal vaccination by directly applying a vaccine dry powder is appealing. However, a
method that can be used to transform a vaccine from a liquid to a dry powder and a device …

Current coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) vaccines are administered by the intramuscular
route, but this vaccine administration failed to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome …