Abstract Unlike conventional Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, intranasal vaccines
display a superior advantage because the nasal mucosa is often the initial site of infection …

It has been reported that corticosteroid therapy was effective in the management of severe
acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) …

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has caused
severe illness and mortality for millions worldwide. Despite the development, approval and …

Although some intravenous drugs have been used to treat coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19), no effective antiviral agents are currently available in the outpatient setting. We …

Background Inhaled corticosteroids are well established for the long‐term treatment of
inflammatory respiratory diseases such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease …

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of ciclesonide in the treatment
of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as gauged by pneumonia progression. This …

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2
(TMPRSS2), two receptors on the cell membrane of bronchial epithelial cells, are …

The first cases of the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, were detected in December 2019 in
Wuhan, China. Nucleotide substitutions and mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 sequence can …

Background The effectiveness of combination therapy for COVID-19 pneumonia remains
unclear. We evaluated favipiravir, camostat, and ciclesonide combination therapy in patients …

More than a year after the first outbreak in Wuhan, China the pandemic caused by the
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), named coronavirus …