Micro-robots (MRs) are miniature machines with dimensions smaller than 1 mm and have
semi-or fully-autonomous capabilities, including sensing, decision-making, and performing …

This article proposes a disturbance observer (DOB)-based robust controller to improve the
control performance of an electromagnetic actuator (EMA) with multiple electromagnets by …

This paper presents a novel tattooing capsule endoscope (TCE) for delivering a certain
amount of ink to the submucosal layer of digestive tract organs. A dual-function permanent …

Magnetic actuation has been widely investigated for miniature robot control due to its
wireless control capability. As a permanent magnetic (PM) actuation system, the Halbach …

A magnetic field induced by an electromagnetic coil is the key variable that determines the
performance of a magnetically driven actuator. The applicability of the empirical models of …

The corneal endothelial transplantation involves the transfer and attachment of a single-
layered corneal endothelial tissue to the narrow space between the cornea and iris. Given …

Nonlinear electromagnetic force is a common phenomenon in electromagnetic linear
actuators (EMLA). This nonlinearity limits the application in high-precision control systems …