Recent evidence has supported the hypothesis that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a
multi-step disease, as the onset of symptoms occurs after sequential exposure to a defined …

Electrical stimulation (ES) can restore motor function after spinal cord injury (SCI). However,
traditional intraspinal ES has many disadvantages, such as the need for a complex circuitry …

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of transcutaneous electrical spinal cord
stimulation (TSCS) and conventional task-specific rehabilitation (TSR) on trunk control and …

Introduction The aim of this review is to summarize the current understanding of the gut‐
brain axis (GBA), its impact on neurosurgery, and its implications for future treatment …

Objective. Neuromodulation technology holds promise for treating conditions where
physiological mechanisms of neural activity have been affected. To make treatments efficient …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in severe cardiovascular dysfunction due to the disruption of
supraspinal control. Autonomic dysreflexia (AD), an uncontrolled rise in blood pressure in …

Introduction Electrical spinal cord neuromodulation has emerged as a leading intervention
for restoring autonomic functions, such as blood pressure, lower urinary tract (LUT), bowel …

Motor dysfunction in individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) such as the inability to initiate
voluntary movements, walking with compensatory movement patterns, and debilitating …

Objective. Electrical spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has emerged as a promising therapy for
recovery of motor and autonomic dysfunctions following spinal cord injury (SCI). Despite the …

Electrical stimulation of spinal networks below a spinal cord injury (SCI) is a promising
approach to restore functions compromised by inadequate excitatory neural drive. The most …