Nowadays, free space optics (FSO) is becoming popular and is very competitive to the fiber
optic technology for providing broadband services at very high data rates without the …

In the current scenario, there is a huge advancement in Information and Communication
Technology (ICT), and almost most of the devices used in a smart city are the Internet of …

This paper proposes a reliable hybrid 4× 10 Gbps fiber optic-FSO based ring architecture.
The proposed architecture aims to provide reliable and bandwidth-efficient transmission …

Due to significant developments in high transmission rate applications for big data analytics,
cloud computing, and other next-generation 5G smart applications, today's access networks …

Rapid bandwidth expansion necessitates large-scale, high-density access situations, in
which a clustered deployment of numerous passive optical network (PON) systems may be …

Nowadays, the designing and development of next-generation 5G communication systems
are in their infancy stage. The incorporation of survivability, reliability, and transmission …

Nowadays, service reliability, operation cost, transmission latency of optical access networks
are the major challenging issues that need to be addressed while planning and developing …

The development of time wavelength division multiplexing passive optical networks (TWDM-
PONs) currently has the acquisition of capacity in a cost-effective manner as its primary goal …

To support high bandwidth demands, optical networks are widely used for the past few
decades. In this manuscript, the author proposes the pure fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) based …

Inter-ONU-communication for future PON based on PAM4 physical-layer network coding -
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