Abstract Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a member of the TLR family, mediating the
transcriptional induction of type I interferons (IFNs), proinflammatory cytokines, and …

Abstract Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder that is accompanied by chronic
inflammation. The main mechanisms and molecular signaling of the induction of …

Background and Aims Nuclear‐located covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) of hepatitis
B virus (HBV) is a determining factor for HBV persistence and the key obstacle for a cure of …

Prevalence and incidence of IgE-mediated allergic diseases have increased over the past
years in developed and developing countries. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is …

Background: Chronic infection with hepatitis B (HBV) and C virus (HCV) is linked with a pro-
inflammatory state, predisposing to cirrhosis and liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular …

Background and Aims Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive liver disease
that is characterized by liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. NASH pathogenesis is linked …

The COVID-19 pandemic is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 as an
atypical type of viral pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 …

Objective To review the main Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) pathogen-associated
molecular patterns (PAMPs) and the roles played by toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 in …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may play dual roles in human cancers. TLR4 is a key molecule
which may participate in both friend and foe roles against breast cancer. This review article …

Recognition of viral dsRNA by endosomal TLR3 activates innate immune response during
virus infection. Trafficking of TLR3 to the endolysosomal compartment arising from fusion of …