Free radicals have acquired growing importance in the fields of biology and medicine. They
are produced during many different endogenous and exogenous processes. Mitochondria …

The excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impairment of defensive
antioxidant systems leads to a condition known as oxidative stress. The main source of free …

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles with multiple functions. They participate in necrotic cell
death and programmed apoptotic, and are crucial for cell metabolism and survival …

Various factors could damage the structure and integrity of skin to cause wounds.
Nonhealing or chronic wounds seriously affect the well-being of patients and bring heavy …

Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant non-protein thiol, and plays crucial roles in the
antioxidant defense system and the maintenance of redox homeostasis in neurons. GSH …

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a common and progressive neurodegenerative disorder
characterised by motor impairments as well as non-motor symptoms. While dopamine …

Cerebral ischemic stroke is characterized by acute ischemia in a certain part of the brain,
which leads to brain cells necrosis, apoptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, etc. At present, there …

The mammalian mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) includes complexes I‑IV, as
well as the electron transporters ubiquinone and cytochrome c. There are two electron …

The glutathione (GSH) system is considered to be one of the most powerful endogenous
antioxidant systems in the cardiovascular system due to its key contribution to detoxifying …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age‐associated neurodegenerative disorder with
multifactorial etiology, intersecting genetic and environmental risk factors, and a lack of …