Debate continues on whether a bilingual advantage exists with respect to executive
functioning. This report synthesized the results of 170 studies to test whether the bilingual …

A series of recent studies have shown that the once-assumed cognitive advantage of
bilingualism finds little support in the evidence available to date. Surprisingly, however, the …

The protective effects of multiple language knowledge on the maintenance of cognitive
functions in older adults have been discussed controversially, among others, because of …

Background Bilingualism is widespread and being bilingual is more common than being
monolingual. The lifelong practice bilinguals receive from managing two languages seems …

The debate concerning a potential bilingual cognitive advantage is ongoing but has turned
to focus on understanding factors modulating the appearance of bilingual effects. The …

This study explored how bilingual code-switching habits affect cognitive shifting and
inhibition. Habitual code-switching from 31 Mandarin–English bilingual adults were …

An increasingly globalized economy requires a workforce with multilingual capability.
However, the United States education system has de-emphasized foreign language …

Research suggests that heterogeneous life experiences (eg multilingualism) might facilitate
the development of mental flexibility. The current paper presents the conceptual replication …

Being bilingual confers certain behavioral effects. Determining their precise origin is of
utmost importance given the need to avoid unjust misattribution of labels such as “bilingual …

The impact of bilingualism on the executive functioning constructs of inhibition, shifting, and
updating remains unclear, with prior findings yielding inconsistent results. Several …