Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a diverse pathologic process, defined as the formation of
extraskeletal bone in muscle and soft tissues. HO can be conceptualized as a tissue repair …

The mammalian skeletal system is densely innervated by both neural and vascular
networks. Peripheral nerves in the skeleton include sensory and sympathetic nerves. The …

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of extraskeletal bone in non-osseous tissues. It
is caused by an injury that stimulates abnormal tissue healing and regeneration, and …

Pain is a central feature of soft tissue trauma, which under certain contexts, results in
aberrant osteochondral differentiation of tissue-specific stem cells. Here, the role of sensory …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event that results in significant physical disabilities
for affected individuals. Apart from local injury within the spinal cord, SCI patients develop a …

The skeletal muscle is an immunologically unique tissue. Leukocytes, virtually absent in
physiological conditions, are quickly recruited into the tissue upon injury and persist during …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability, and there are currently
no pharmacological treatments known to improve patient outcomes. Unquestionably …

The local immune response is important to consider when the aim is to improve bone
regeneration. Recently T lymphocytes and their associated cytokines have been identified …

The IL-6 family of cytokines comprises a large group of cytokines that all act via the formation
of a signaling complex that includes the glycoprotein 130 (gp130) receptor. Despite this …

Diabetes mellitus increasingly afflicts our aging and dysmetabolic population. Type 2
diabetes mellitus and the antecedent metabolic syndrome represent the vast majority of the …