Aposematic theory has historically predicted that predators should select for warning signals
to converge on a single form, as a result of frequency‐dependent learning. However …

Highlights•Bird colour vision depends on opsins, retinal mosaic, ocular media and oil
droplets.•Birds use spectral cues for phototaxis, magnetoreception and circadian …

Avoiding Attack discusses the diversity of mechanisms by which prey avoid predator attacks
and explores how such defensive mechanisms have evolved through natural selection. It …

Aposematic bright colors have a key role for animal defense and can be expressed through
metabolic production or by acquiring pigments from diet. Aposematic coloration can be …

Prey animals typically try to avoid being detected and/or advertise to would-be predators that
they should be avoided. Both anti-predator strategies primarily rely on colour to succeed, but …

Light sensing by tissues distinct from the eye occurs in diverse animal groups, enabling
circadian control and phototactic behaviour. Extraocular photoreceptors may also facilitate …

Adaptive coloration is under conflicting selection pressures: choosing potential mates and
warning signaling against visually guided predators. Different elements of the color signal …

Natural selection generally favours phenotypic variability in camouflaged organisms,
whereas aposematic organisms are expected to evolve a more uniform warning coloration …

Understanding the genomic underpinnings of antipredatory behaviors is a hot topic in eco-
evolutionary research. Yellow-bellied toad of the genus Bombina are textbook examples of …

Camouflage, and in particular background-matching, is one of the most common anti-
predator strategies observed in nature. Animals can improve their match to the …