Since the emergence of COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus at the end of 2019,
there has been an explosion of vaccine development. By 24 September 2020, a staggering …

The adaptive immune response to influenza virus infection is multifaceted and complex,
involving antibody and cellular responses at both systemic and mucosal levels. Immune …

Objective To provide evidence‐based recommendations on the use of vaccinations in
children and adults with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs). Methods This …

Seasonal influenza vaccines lack efficacy against drifted or pandemic influenza strains.
Developing improved vaccines that elicit broader immunity remains a public health priority …

Viral infections continue to cause considerable morbidity and mortality around the world.
Recent rises in these infections are likely due to complex and multifactorial external drivers …

Influenza remains one of the major public health concerns because it causes annual
epidemics and can potentially instigate a global pandemic. Numerous countermeasures …

Although antiviral drugs and vaccines have reduced the economic and healthcare burdens
of influenza, influenza epidemics continue to take a toll. Over the past decade, research on …

In recent years, highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 subtype (HPAI H5) viruses have been
prevalent around the world in both avian and mammalian species, causing serious …

Vaccines are powerful tools for controlling microbial infections and preventing epidemic
diseases. Efficient inactive, subunit, or viral-like particle vaccines usually rely on a safe and …

Most existing vaccines for human use are administered by needle-based injection.
Administering vaccines needle-free intranasally has numerous advantages over by needle …