Abstract Mammalian interleukin-4 (IL-4) and− 13 (IL-13), two anti-inflammatory T helper cell
type 2 (Th2) cytokines, play the central roles in mediating the alternative activation of …

Viral nervous necrosis disease, caused by nervous necrosis virus (NNV), is one of the most
serious diseases in many marine and freshwater fish species worldwide. To better …

Interferons (IFNs) are proteins of vital importance in the body's immune response. They are
formed in different types of cells and have been found in fish, amphibians, reptiles and …

As an adaptor in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway, Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)
domain containing adaptor inducing interferon-β (TRIF) mediates downstream signaling …

Type I interferon (IFN) plays a crucial role in the antiviral immune response. Nervous
necrosis virus (NNV) and Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus (MSRV) are the most important …

Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are crucial transcription factors involved in transcriptional
regulation of type I interferons (IFNs) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) against viral infection …

Teleost fish type I IFNs and the associated receptors from the cytokine receptor family B
(CRFB) are characterized by remarkable diversity and complexity. How the fish type I IFNs …

In mammals, transcription factors of IFN-regulatory factors (IRFs) family translate viral
recognition into IFN antiviral responses through translocating to nucleus and subsequently …

The terminal differentiation of B cells into plasma cells is central to the generation of
protective, long-lived humoral immune responses. In mammals, interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been …

Beclin-1, the ortholog of yeast autophagy-related gene 6 (Atg6), has a central role in
autophagy, which has been linked to diverse biological processes including immunity …