The effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), a highly transmissible infectious
respiratory disease that has initiated an ongoing pandemic since early 2020, do not always …

Objectives “Long COVID”, a term coined by COVID-19 survivors, describes persistent or new
symptoms in a subset of patients who have recovered from acute illness. Globally, the …

Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) comprise different fibrotic lung disorders characterized by
cellular proliferation, interstitial inflammation, and fibrosis. The JAK/STAT molecular pathway …

Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a profibrotic cytokine essential for the differentiation of fibroblasts
into collagen-secreting, actin alpha 2, smooth muscle–positive (ACTA2+) myofibroblasts …

ABSTRACT Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still increasing
worldwide, and as a result, the number of patients with pulmonary fibrosis secondary to …

Pirfenidone (PFN) is an anti-fibrotic drug with significant anti-inflammatory property used for
treatment of fibrotic conditions such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In the coronavirus …

Simple Summary The interaction of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PDL1) with its receptor
PD1 inhibits T-cell responses. Blockade of this interaction with monoclonal antibodies leads …

Fibrosis is a detrimental outcome of most chronic inflammatory disorders and is defined by
the buildup of excess extracellular matrix (ECM) components, which eventually leads to …

Pirfenidone (PFD) is a non-peptide synthetic chemical that inhibits the production of
transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), platelet …

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Xuanfei Baidu Decoction (XFBD), one of the
“three medicines and three prescriptions” for the clinically effective treatment of COVID-19 in …