The twenty-first century has witnessed major developments in the field of extracellular
vesicle (EV) research, including significant steps towards defining standard criteria for the …

Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there have been
a few variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), one of …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has already infected more
than 500 million people globally (as of May 2022), creating the coronavirus disease 2019 …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as ectosomes and exosomes have gained attention as
promising natural carriers for drug delivery. Exosomes, which range from 30 to 100 nm in …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry diverse bioactive components including nucleic acids,
proteins, lipids and metabolites that play versatile roles in intercellular and interorgan …

Nowadays, biomaterials have evolved from the inert supports or functional substitutes to the
bioactive materials able to trigger or promote the regenerative potential of tissues. The …

Extensive immune evasion of SARS-CoV-2 rendered therapeutic antibodies ineffective in
the COVID-19 pandemic. Propagating SARS-CoV-2 variants are characterised by immune …

Metabolic reprogramming is involved in the pathogenesis of not only cancers but also
neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and infectious diseases. With the …

Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) refer to the breaking or generation of covalent
bonds on the backbones or amino acid side chains of proteins and expand the diversity of …

Exosomes are membrane extracellular vesicles secreted by almost all kinds of cells, which
are rich in proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. As a medium of intercellular communication …