Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) is the pathogen that causes
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As of 25 May 2020, the outbreak of COVID-19 has …

Cytokine storm is a general term applied to maladaptive cytokine release in response to
infection and other stimuli. The pathogenesis is complex but includes loss of regulatory …

To date, no vaccines or effective drugs have been approved to prevent or treat COVID-19
and the current standard care relies on supportive treatments. Therefore, based on the fast …

Abstract Human Coronaviruses (HCoV), periodically emerging across the world, are
potential threat to humans such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS …

A key goal to controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is developing an effective
vaccine. Development of a vaccine requires knowledge of what constitutes a protective …

Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of disease is a general concern for the
development of vaccines and antibody therapies because the mechanisms that underlie …

Abstract The COVID-19-, SARS-and MERS-related coronaviruses share many genomic and
structural similarities. However, the SARS-CoV-2 is less pathogenic than SARS-CoV and …

To date, seven identified coronaviruses (CoVs) have been found to infect humans; of these,
three highly pathogenic variants have emerged in the 21st century. The newest member of …

Type 1 IFNs (IFN-I) generally protect mammalian hosts from virus infections, but in some
cases, IFN-I is pathogenic. Because IFN-I is protective, it is commonly used to treat virus …

Chemokines are crucial inflammatory mediators needed during an immune response to
clear pathogens. However, their excessive release is the main cause of hyperinflammation …