Neurotransmitters are considered as a fundamental regulator in the process of neuronal
growth, differentiation and survival. Parkinson's Disease (PD) occurs due to extensive …

The unraveling of the regulatory mechanisms that govern neuronal excitability is a major
challenge for neuroscientists worldwide. Neurotransmitters play a critical role in maintaining …

The Drd2 gene, encoding the dopamine D 2 receptor (D2R), was recently indicated as a
potential target in the etiology of lowered sociability (ie, social withdrawal), a symptom of …

Arecoline is one of the nicotinic acid-based alkaloids, which is found in the betel nut. In
addition to its function as a muscarinic agonist, arecoline exhibits several adverse effects …

Levodopa remains the primary drug for controlling motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease
through the whole course, but over time, complications develop in the form of dyskinesias …

Background: Parkinson's disease is an attractive disease model to extend research towards
a better understanding of the interrelationship between genes and the environment …

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a variety of roles in the central nervous system.
It was previously shown that blocking muscarinic receptors with a nonselective antagonist …

Nicotine induces kinetic tremor, which resembles pharmacological features of essential
tremors, via activating the inferior olive (IO) neurons. Since nicotine is known to enhance …

The striatum is the primary input structure of the basal ganglia, which participates in
motivational and goaldirected behaviors (Pisani et al., 2007). In physiological conditions …

Dopamine-deficient (DD) mice exhibit psychomotor hyperactivity that might be related to a
decrease in muscarinic signaling. In the present study, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 …