Driver mutations promote initiation and progression of cancer. Pharmacological treatment
can inhibit the action of the mutant protein; however, drug resistance almost invariably …

Normal cells explore multiple states to survive stresses encountered during development
and self-renewal as well as environmental stresses such as starvation, DNA damage, toxins …

It is well established that multifactorial drug resistance hinders successful cancer treatment.
Tumor cell interactions with the tumor microenvironment (TME) are crucial in epithelial …

Hypoxia, a hallmark of solid tumors, determines the selection of invasive and aggressive
malignant clones displaying resistance to radiotherapy, conventional chemotherapy or …

Simple Summary Despite recent therapeutic advances against cancer, many patients do not
respond well or respond poorly, to treatment and develop resistance to more than one anti …

Abstract P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a drug efflux transporter that triggers doxorubicin (DOX)
resistance. In this review, we highlight the molecular avenues regulating P-gp, such as Nrf2 …

Simple Summary Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models have been proposed as
alternatives for initial drug screening to increase drug development efficiency. In addition to …

Chemotherapy remains a powerful tool to eliminate malignant cells. However, the efficacy of
chemotherapy is compromised by the frequent emergence of intrinsic and acquired …

Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are a class of proteins with tyrosine kinase activity that
phosphorylate tyrosine residues of critical molecules in signaling pathways. Their basal …

Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains one of the major impediments for efficacious cancer
chemotherapy. Increased efflux of multiple chemotherapeutic drugs by transmembrane ATP …