Aging is the progressive loss of organ and tissue function over time. Growing older is
positively linked to cognitive and biological degeneration such as physical frailty …

Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder in which gastrointestinal
symptoms may appear prior to motor symptoms. The gut microbiota of patients with …

Sirtuins are the class III of histone deacetylases whose deacetylate of histones is dependent
on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Among seven sirtuins, SIRT1 plays a critical …

We present a consensus atlas of the human brain transcriptome in Alzheimer's disease
(AD), based on meta-analysis of differential gene expression in 2,114 postmortem samples …

Neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease
(PD), the leading causes of dementia. These neurological disorders are characterized by the …

Microglia are ramified cells that exhibit highly motile processes, which continuously survey
the brain parenchyma and react to any insult to the CNS homeostasis. Although microglia …

Melatonin is an immune modulator that displays both pro‐and anti‐inflammatory properties.
Proinflammatory actions, which are well documented by many studies in isolated cells or …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are discovered as crucial pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
involved in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Later …

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the largest division of the peripheral nervous system
and closely resembles components and functions of the central nervous system. Although …

Neuroinflammation is considered as a detrimental factor in neurodegenerative diseases,
including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD) …