Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) belongs to the family of ligand-
regulated nuclear receptors (PPARs). These receptors after heterodimerization with retinoid …

Inflammation is a complex biological response fundamental to how the body deals with
injury and infection to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and effect repair. Unlike a …

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is composed of two G protein-coupled receptors
(GPCRs), the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, and the two main endogenous lipid …

The human gut is a composite anaerobic environment with a large, diverse and dynamic
enteric microbiota, represented by more than 100 trillion microorganisms, including at least …

Inflammation is an important pathogenic factor in Parkinson's disease (PD), so that it can
contribute to kill dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and to enhance the …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration in the cerebral
cortex, histopathologically hallmarked by amyloid β (Aβ) extracellular plaques and …

Cells of the immune system and the central nervous system are capable of interacting with
each other. The former cell populations respond to infection, tissue injury and trauma by …

The brain undergoes ionizing radiation (IR) exposure in many clinical situations, particularly
during radiotherapy for malignant brain tumors. Cranial radiation therapy is related with the …

This review focuses on the role of the endocannabinoid signaling system in controlling
neuronal survival, an extremely important issue to be considered when developing new …

Growing evidence supports the pivotal role played by oxidative stress in tissue injury
development, thus resulting in several pathologies including cardiovascular, renal …