Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix (ECM) chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan
(CSPG)-containing structures that surround the soma and dendrites of various mammalian …

The transition from adolescence to adulthood is characterized by improvements in higher-
order cognitive abilities and corresponding refinements of the structure and function of the …

In the hippocampus GABAergic local circuit inhibitory interneurons represent only~ 10–15%
of the total neuronal population; however, their remarkable anatomical and physiological …

The choroid plexus (ChP) is the principal source of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which has
accepted roles as a fluid cushion and a sink for nervous system waste in vertebrates …

Early life stress increases risk for depression. Here we establish a “two-hit” stress model in
mice wherein stress at a specific postnatal period increases susceptibility to adult social …

A continuing debate in language acquisition research is whether there are critical periods
(CPs) in development during which the system is most responsive to environmental input …

Learning and memory processes can be influenced by recent experience, but the
mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Enhanced plasticity during critical periods of …

The potency of the environment to shape brain function changes dramatically across the
lifespan. Neural circuits exhibit profound plasticity during early life and are later stabilized. A …

Hubel and Wiesel began the modern study of development and plasticity of primary visual
cortex (V1), discovering response properties of cortical neurons that distinguished them from …

Brain plasticity is dynamically regulated across the life span, peaking during windows of
early life. Typically assessed in the physiological range of milliseconds (real time), these …