Salt marshes are challenging habitats due to natural variability in key environmental
parameters including temperature, salinity, ultraviolet light, oxygen, sulfides, and reactive …

The core design of spiking neurones is remarkably similar throughout the animal kingdom.
Their basic function as fast-signalling thresholding cells might have been established very …

Cnidarians diverged very early in animal evolution; therefore, investigations of the
morphology and trophic levels of early fossil cnidarians may provide critical insights into the …

Directional left/right (LR) asymmetries, in which there are consistent, heritable differences in
morphology between the left and right sides of bilaterally symmetrical organisms, are found …

We investigated the development of Aurelia (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) during embryogenesis
and metamorphosis into a polyp, using antibody markers combined with confocal and …

Cnidaria have traditionally been viewed as the most basal animals with complex, organ-like
multicellular structures dedicated to sensory perception. However, sponges also have a …

Patterning of the metazoan dorsoventral axis is mediated by a complex interplay of BMP
signaling regulators. Repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) is a conserved BMP coreceptor …

The establishment of size and shape remains a fundamental challenge in biological
research that planarian flatworms uniquely epitomize. Planarians can regenerate complete …

Background Metazoan digestive systems develop from derivatives of ectoderm, endoderm
and mesoderm, and vary in the relative contribution of each germ layer across taxa and …

Pax genes are a family of homeodomain transcription factors that have been isolated from
protostomes (eg, eight in Drosophilia) and deuterostomes (eg, nine in vertebrates) as well …