Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder which
affects 6.1 million people worldwide. The neuropathological hallmarks include the loss of …

Background Mastitis is an inflammatory response in the mammary gland that results in huge
economic losses in the breeding industry. The aetiology of mastitis is complex, and the …

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) and gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) disease
affect a large global population and incur substantial health care costs. Impairment in gut …

Inflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are incurable
autoimmune diseases characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract …

Nearly all patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) are negatively affected by dysfunction in the
gastrointestinal tract, and the severity of gastrointestinal disease in SSc correlates with high …

Background Enteric glia contribute to the pathophysiology of various intestinal immune-
driven diseases, such as postoperative ileus (POI), a motility disorder and common …

Introduction Mental health disorders are common in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and
affect patients' quality of life, impacting on disease outcomes and health care-related costs …

Autonomic dysfunction has been widely studied in individuals with autism spectral disorder
(ASD); however, the autonomic response to probiotic and oxytocin (OT) combination …

Sympathetic innervation plays a crucial role in maintaining energy balance and contributes
to metabolic pathophysiology. Recent evidence has begun to uncover the innervation …

Introduction: Despite the improvement of early diagnosis methods for multiple pathological
entities belonging to the digestive tract, bowel obstruction determined by multiple etiologies …