Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of receptors that can directly recognize the
specific molecular structures on the surface of pathogens, apoptotic host cells, and damaged …

Antiviral immunity is initiated upon host recognition of viral products via non-self molecular
patterns known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Such recognition …

Cells are equipped with mechanisms that allow them to rapidly detect and respond to
viruses. These defense mechanisms rely partly on receptors that monitor the cytosol for the …

Fish is considered to be an important model in comparative immunology studies because it
is a representative population of lower vertebrates serving as an essential link to early …

In this review, we focus on lifestyle changes, especially dietary habits, that are at the basis of
chronic systemic low grade inflammation, insulin resistance and Western diseases. Our …

Innate sensors play a critical role in the early innate immune responses to invading
pathogens through sensing of diverse biochemical signatures also known as pathogen …

Innate immunity, which is the first line of host defense against invading microbial pathogens
in multicellular organisms, occurs through germline-encoded pattern-recognition receptors …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play critical roles in host defense against microbes. In the past
decade, growing numbers of in vitro, in vivo and in silico studies have been performed and …

We describe a novel function for the interferon (IFN)-induced protein 44-like (IFI44L) gene in
negatively modulating innate immune responses induced after virus infections. Furthermore …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still one of the most dangerous viral illnesses. HBV infects
around 257 million individuals worldwide. Hepatitis B in many individuals ultimately …