Background The link between the abnormalities of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)
axis and depression has been one of the most consistently reported findings in psychiatry. At …

Highlights•Individuals differ in the perception and adaptation to aversive and stressful
stimuli.•Stress-susceptibility is associated with functional changes in specific neural …

Chronic stress is the major pathogenetic factor of human anxiety and depression. Zebrafish
(Danio rerio) have become a novel popular model species for neuroscience research and …

Stress and low socioeconomic status in humans confer increased vulnerability to morbidity
and mortality. However, this association is not mechanistically understood nor has its …

Hormonal contraceptives are among the most important health and economic developments
in the 20th Century, providing unprecedented reproductive control and a range of health …

Resilience is broadly defined as the ability to maintain or regain functioning in the face of
adversity and is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. The identification of …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent stress-related mental
disorders worldwide. Several biological mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of …

Aggressive behavior is not uniform, including proactive and reactive forms of aggression.
Aberrant functioning of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is frequently …

Glucocorticoids coordinate responses that enable an individual to cope with stressful
challenges and, additionally, mediate adaptation following cessation of a stressor. There are …

A dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and the experience
of early-life adversity are both well-established risk factors for the development of affective …