Prey seldom rely on a single type of antipredator defence, often using multiple defences to
avoid predation. In many cases, selection in different contexts may favour the evolution of …

The strategies underlying different forms of protective coloration are well understood but little
attention has been paid to the ecological, life‐history and behavioural circumstances under …

Insect defense sounds have been reported for centuries. Yet, aside from the well-studied
anti-bat sounds of tiger moths, little is understood about the occurrence, function, and …

Aposematic coloration is traditionally considered to signal unpalatability or toxicity. In
mammals, most research has focused on just one form of defense, namely, noxious anal …

Chemical defenses are frequently accompanied by salient color patterns actively avoided by
predators, a phenomenon referred to as aposematism. However, the production of both …

Amphibians can obtain their colour from a combination of several different pigment and light
reflecting cell types called chromatophores, with defects in one or several of the cells …

Many animals use visual traits as a predator defence. Understanding these visual traits from
the perspective of predators is critical in generating new insights about predator–prey …

Predation is expected to promote uniformity in the warning coloration of defended prey, but
also mimicry convergence between aposematic species. Despite selection constraining both …

We review the literature on warning coloration in birds starting from Alfred Russel Wallace's
premise that aposematism may advertise difficulty in subduing prey rather than simply …

After they diverged from panins, hominins evolved an increasingly committed terrestrial
lifestyle in open habitats that exposed them to increased predation pressure from Africa's …