Lymph nodes are secondary lymphoid organs in which immune responses of the adaptive
immune system are initiated and regulated. Distributed throughout the body and embedded …

Mucosal pathogens, as exemplified by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, lead …

The development of effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines has been essential to control COVID-
19, but significant challenges remain. One problem is intramuscular administration, which …

Although the chief of the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the end of the
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a global health emergency, the disease is still a …

The T cell memory response is a crucial component of adaptive immunity responsible for
limiting or preventing viral reinfection. T cell memory after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 …

Despite prolonged surveillance and interventions, the severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza viruses continue to pose a severe global health …

COVID-19 Vaccines, which include mRNA and inactivated vaccines, have been proven
effective and safe for infants and children aged more than six months in reducing the …

Efficient immune protection against viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 requires the coordinated
activity of innate immunity, B and T cells. Accumulating data point to a critical role for T cells …

Mucosal COVID-19 vaccines are needed to block SARS-CoV-2 infection at the mucosal site.
Intranasal delivery of a glycosylated Delta variant receptor-binding domain (Delta-RBD) …

Many of the current pandemic threats are caused by viruses that infect the respiratory tract.
Remarkably though, the majority of vaccines and antiviral drugs are administered via …