Cisplatin has long been a first-line chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of cancer,
largely for solid tumors. During the course of the past two decades, autophagy has been …

Aims Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors improve cardiovascular outcomes
in diverse patient populations, but their mechanism of action requires further study. The aim …

Cisplatin (CP) is a broad-spectrum antineoplastic agent, used to treat many different types of
malignancies due to its high efficacy and low cost. However, its use is largely limited by …

Vitamin A (VA, retinol) and its metabolites (commonly called retinoids) are required for the
proper development of the kidney during embryogenesis, but retinoids also play key roles in …

Retinoid acid (RA) is synthesized mainly in the liver and has multiple functions in
development, cell differentiation and proliferation, and regulation of inflammation. RA has …

Autophagy is a process that degrades endogenous cellular protein aggregates and
damaged organelles via the lysosomal pathway to maintain cellular homeostasis and …

Fibrosis is a pathological process that affects multiple organs and is considered one of the
major causes of morbidity and mortality in multiple diseases, resulting in an enormous …

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a sudden loss of kidney function that causes a rise in serum
creatinine and a decrease in urine output, which leads to high morbidity and mortality …

Kidney disease (KD) is characterized by the presence of elevated oxidative stress, and this
is postulated as contributing to the high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in these …

Cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is the main factor restraining the clinical
application of cisplatin. The AKI is associated with high mortality and morbidity, but no …