The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2), emerged in 2019 following prior outbreaks of coronaviruses like SARS and …

The oral and nasal cavities serve as critical gateways for infectious pathogens, with
microorganisms primarily gaining entry through these routes. Our first line of defense against …

Several vaccines have been developed against SARS-CoV-2 and subsequently approved
by national/international regulators. Detecting specific antibodies after vaccination enables …

Background COVID-19 vaccines used in humans are highly effective in limiting disease and
death caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, yet improved vaccines that provide greater …

While current anti-Spike protein (SP) vaccines have been pivotal in managing the pandemic,
their limitations in delivery, storage, and the inability to provide mucosal immunization …

Using a prospective, observational cohort study during the post–“dynamic COVID-zero”
wave in China, we estimated short-term relative effectiveness against Omicron BA. 5 …

This study aimed to examine the safety, immunogenicity and protective effective of inhaled
COVID‐19 vaccines (ICVs). Literature research was done through EMBASE, Cochrane …

From the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was clear that studying immune responses after
SARS-CoV-2 infection and later on, after vaccination, was of outmost importance in battling …

Immunity against respiratory pathogens is often short-term, and consequently there is an
unmet need for effective prevention of such infections. One such infectious disease is COVID …