Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors
(TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, is
involved in innate immunity and mediates inflammatory responses by recognizing …

The study of innate immunity and its link to inflammation and host defense encompasses
diverse areas of biology, ranging from genetics and biophysics to signal transduction and …

Cellular Phenotype and Apoptosis: The function of epithelial tissues is the protection of the
organism from chemical, microbial, and physical challenges which is indispensable for …

INTRODUCTION We have identified previously unsuspected, directly pathogenic roles for
bacteriophage (phage) virions in bacterial infections. In particular, we report that …

The innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide is essential for host defense against
Gram-negative bacteria. In response to bacterial infection, the TLR4/MD-2 complex that is …

Receptors of the innate immune system detect conserved determinants of microbial and viral
origin. Activation of these receptors initiates signaling events that culminate in an effective …

The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) was an important event for immunology research
and was recognized as such with the awarding of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or …

MyD88 is the canonical adaptor for inflammatory signaling pathways downstream of
members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor families. MyD88 …

Our knowledge regarding the contribution of the innate immune system in recognizing and
subsequently initiating a host response to an invasion of RNA virus has been rapidly …