Because of enduring experience of managing two languages, bilinguals have been argued
to develop superior executive functioning compared with monolinguals. Despite extensive …

Reaction time is believed to be a good indicator of the speed and efficiency of mental
processes and is a ubiquitous variable in the behavioral sciences. Despite this popularity …

Learning and using an additional language is shown to have an impact on the structure and
function of the brain, including in regions involved in cognitive control and the connections …

Bilingualism was once thought to result in cognitive disadvantages, but research in recent
decades has demonstrated that experience with two (or more) languages confers a bilingual …

Bilingual and multilingual individuals exhibit variation in everyday language experience.
Studies on bilingualism account for individual differences with measures such as L2 age of …

Proficient bilinguals use two languages actively, but the contexts in which they do so may
differ dramatically. The present study asked what consequences the contexts of language …

Research on the effects of bi-and multi-lingualism on brain structure has so far yielded
variable patterns. Although it cannot be disputed that learning and using additional …

Is acquiring a third language the same as acquiring a second? Are all instances of non-
native language acquisition simply one and the same? In this first book-length study of the …

There is currently no agreement on which factor modulates most effectively and enduringly
brain plasticity in bilingual individuals. Grouping heterogeneous linguistic profiles under a …

We investigated the independent contributions of second language (L2) age of acquisition
(AoA) and social diversity of language use on intrinsic brain organization using seed-based …