Depression is one of the leading causes of disability, and, if left unmanaged, it can increase
the risk for suicide. The evidence base on the determinants of depression is fragmented …

Biological embedding occurs when life experience alters biological processes to affect later
life health and well-being. Although extensive correlative data exist supporting the notion …

A now substantial body of science implicates a dynamic interplay between genetic and
environmental variation in the development of individual differences in behavior and health …

Questions of how altered functioning of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis
contribute to the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) …

Early life stress (ELS), such as abuse and neglect during childhood, can lead to psychiatric
disorders in later life. Previous studies have suggested that ELS can cause profound …

Epidemiologic and genetic studies suggest common environmental and genetic risk factors
for a number of psychiatric disorders, including depression, bipolar disorder, and …

Childhood environment can have a profound impact on brain structure and function.
Epigenetic mechanisms have been shown to play a critical role in adaptive and maladaptive …

Among the chaperones and co-chaperones regulating the glucocorticoid receptor (GR),
FK506 binding protein (FKBP) 51 is the most intensely investigated across different …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a syndrome which serves as a classic example of
psychiatric disorders that result from the intersection of nature and nurture, or gene and …

Disrupted operation of the reward circuitry underlies many aspects of affective disorders.
Such disruption may manifest as aberrant behavior including risk taking, depression …