Vaccinations are one of the most important preventive tools against infectious diseases.
Over time, many different types of vaccines have been developed concerning the antigen …

Virus-like particles (VLPs) are nanostructures that possess diverse applications in
therapeutics, immunization, and diagnostics. With the recent advancements in biomedical …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of
the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has been a topic of major …

Despite the success of vaccination to greatly mitigate or eliminate threat of diseases caused
by pathogens, there are still known diseases and emerging pathogens for which the …

Nucleic acid vaccines are a method of immunization aiming to elicit immune responses akin
to live attenuated vaccines. In this method, DNA or messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences are …

Fish immunization has been carried out for over 50 years and is generally accepted as an
effective method for preventing a wide range of bacterial and viral diseases. Vaccination …

Virus-like particles (VLPs) have made giant strides in the field of vaccinology over the last
three decades. VLPs constitute versatile tools in vaccine development due to their …

The respiratory mucosa is the primary portal of entry for numerous viruses such as the
respiratory syncytial virus, the influenza virus and the parainfluenza virus. These pathogens …

To date, vaccination has become one of the most effective strategies to control and reduce
infectious diseases, preventing millions of deaths worldwide. The earliest vaccines were …

Nanotechnology increasingly plays a significant role in vaccine development. As vaccine
development orientates toward less immunogenic “minimalist” compositions, formulations …