Activation of the Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome
drives release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1 β and IL-18 and induces …

Excessive activation of microglia and subsequent release of proinflammatory cytokines play
a crucial role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) …

Chronic pain affects the life quality of the suffering patients and posts heavy problems to the
health care system. Conventional medications are usually insufficient for chronic pain …

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a dysregulated neuro-glial
microenvironment, culminating in functional deficits resulting from neuronal cell death …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), and
it remains the most common immune-mediated disorder affecting the CNS. While the cause …

Intracranial aneurysm subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a cerebrovascular disorder
associated with high overall mortality. Currently, the underlying mechanisms of pathological …

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most fatal subtype of stroke; there is still a lack of
effective treatment. Microglia are a major component of the innate immune system, and they …

Despite the introduction of vaccines and drugs for SARS-CoV-2, the COVID-19 pandemic
continues to spread throughout the world. In severe COVID-19 patients, elevated levels of …

IL-1β and IL-18 are pro-inflammatory cytokines that are linked to inflammation. Activation of
the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is involved in the maturation and …

Pain is a fundamental feature of inflammation. The immune system plays a critical role in the
activation of sensory neurons and there is increasing evidence of neuro-inflammatory …