Reproduction involves a wide range of biological processes, including organ formation and
development, neuroendocrine regulation, hormone production, and meiosis and mitosis …

Background The literature regarding clinical olfaction, olfactory loss, and olfactory
dysfunction has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential rise in the …

It is estimated that infertility affects 8–12% of couples globally, with a male factor being a
primary or contributing cause in approximately 50% of couples. Causes of male subfertility …

Azoospermia affects 1% of men, and it can be due to:(i) hypothalamic-pituitary
dysfunction,(ii) primary quantitative spermatogenic disturbances,(iii) urogenital duct …

A genetic basis of congenital isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) can be
defined in almost 50% of cases, albeit not necessarily the complete genetic basis. Next …

Puberty is a complex process that culminates in the acquisition of psychophysical maturity
and reproductive capacity. This elaborate and fascinating process marks the end of …

The nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway in hypothalamic neurons plays a key role in the
regulation of the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which is crucial for …

Central precocious puberty (CPP) results from early activation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐
gonadal (HPG) axis. The current state of knowledge of the complex neural network acting at …

Congenital cryptorchidism (undescended testis) is one of the most common congenital
urogenital malformations in boys. Prevalence of cryptorchidism at birth among boys born …

Background: Human reproduction is regulated by the combined action of the follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH) and the luteinizing hormone (LH) on the gonads. Although FSH …