In the last two decades, considerable interest has been shown in understanding the
development of the gut microbiota and its internal and external effects on the intestine, as …

The earliest mention of the term cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) came about from a 2004
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group conference evaluating the …

In chronic kidney disease (CKD), influx of urea and other retained toxins exerts a change in
the gut microbiome. There is decreased number of beneficial bacteria that produce short …

Indoxyl sulfate is an extensively studied uremic solute. It is a small molecule that is more
than 90% bound to plasma proteins. Indoxyl sulfate is derived from the breakdown of …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels and
remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Over the past decades …

Background Indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (PCS) are protein-bound uremic toxins
that increase in the sera of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and are not …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by the retention of a myriad of solutes termed
uraemic (or uremic) toxins, which inflict damage to several organs, including the …

Emerging evidences demonstrate the involvement of gut microbiota in the progression of
chronic kidney disease (CKD) and CKD-associated complications including cardiovascular …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is now clearly recognized as a public health problem
worldwide. Patients with CKD display a substantial increase in end-stage renal disease …

Tryptophan metabolism, via the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway, and microbial transformation of
tryptophan to indolic compounds are fundamental for host health; both of which are altered …