The excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) plays a key role in the clearance and
recycling of glutamate-the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. EAAT2 …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) modulates local and widespread connectivity in dysfunctional
networks. Positive results are observed in several patient populations; however, the precise …

Deep-brain subthalamic nucleus stimulation (DBS-STN) has become a well-established
therapeutic option for advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). While the motor benefits of DBS …

Abstract Introduction Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) and Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS)
represent burgeoning treatments for diverse neurological disorders. This systematic review …

It is possible for the non-motor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson's disease (PD), which include
constipation, sleep difficulties, and olfactory impairments, to appear up to 20 years before …

Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, involves gradual
degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway, leading to neuronal loss within the …

Deep brain stimulation has revolutionized the treatment of movement disorders and is
gaining momentum in the treatment of several other neuropsychiatric disorders. In almost all …

Background Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been a
highly effective treatment option for mid-to-late-stage Parkinson's disease (PD) for decades …

Neuropathic pain (NPP) remains a clinically challenging condition, driven by the activation
of spinal astrocytes and the complex release of inflammatory mediators. This study aimed to …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a barrier system separating the central nervous system from
blood circulation. Connections between cells within the BBB involve specialized endothelial …