In underground (UG) multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO), the transmit beamforming is
used to focus energy in the desired direction. There are three different paths in the …

Wireless Underground Communication (WUC) is an emerging field that is being developed
continuously. It provides secure mechanism of deploying nodes underground which shields …

Radio signal propagation modeling plays an important role in the design of wireless
communication systems. Various models have been developed, over the past few decades …

The latest developments in Internet of Underground Things are covered in this chapter. First,
the IOUT Architecture is discussed followed by the explanation of the challenges being …

In this article, the results of experiments for the observation of Zenneck surface waves in sub
GHz frequency range using dipole antennas are presented. Experiments are conducted …

Decision agriculture is the practice of accurately capturing the changing parameters of the
soil including water infiltration and retention, nutrients supply, acidity, and other time …

The extra quantities of wastewater entering the pipes can cause backups that result in
sanitary sewer overflows. Urban underground infrastructure monitoring is important for …

The farming sector is mainly responsible for the world's food needs; however, land
degradation, contamination, poor agricultural techniques and practices, and urbanization …

A reliable communication channel between the underground sensor nodes and
aboveground devices is vital and mostly desirable for data collection, relay and upload for …

In recent years, there has been keen interest in the area of Internet of Things connected
underground, and with this is the need to fully understand and characterize their operating …