The brain requires a continuous supply of energy in the form of ATP, most of which is
produced from glucose by oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, complemented by …

Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. Cellular homeostasis of
glutamate is of paramount importance for normal brain function and relies on an intricate …

Under normal physiological conditions the brain primarily utilizes glucose for ATP
generation. However, in situations where glucose is sparse, eg, during prolonged fasting …

Swelling of the brain or spinal cord (CNS edema) affects millions of people every year. All
potential pharmacological interventions have failed in clinical trials, meaning that symptom …

Aquaporin channels facilitate bidirectional water flow in all cells and tissues. AQP4 is highly
expressed in astrocytes. In the CNS, it is enriched in astrocyte endfeet, at synapses, and at …

Vitamins and minerals are essential to humans as they play essential roles in a variety of
basic metabolic pathways that support fundamental cellular functions. In particular, their …

The brain is a highly energy-demanding organ and requires bioenergetic adaptability to
balance normal activity with pathophysiological fuelling of spontaneous recurrent seizures …

Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability
globally. Edema is a hallmark of stroke resulting from dysregulation of water homeostasis in …

Transient or permanent loss of tissue perfusion due to ischaemic stroke can lead to damage
to the neurovasculature, and disrupt brain homeostasis, causing long-term motor and …

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease,
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease are incurable and affect millions of …