The vertebrate retina first evolved some 500 million years ago in ancestral marine
chordates. Since then, the eyes of different species have been tuned to best support their …

The ecological impacts of nighttime light pollution have been a longstanding source of
concern, accentuated by realized and projected growth in electrical lighting. As human …

Literature Cited to accompany Animal Communication, 2e Page 1 Principles of Animal
Communication, Second Edition Jack W. Bradbury and Sandra L. Vehrencamp Chapter 14 …

To understand the function of colour signals in nature, we require robust quantitative
analytical frameworks to enable us to estimate how animal and plant colour patterns appear …

Animal coloration is a powerful model for studying the genetic mechanisms that determine
phenotype. Genetic crosses of laboratory mice have provided extensive information about …

The evolution of floral traits in animal-pollinated plants involves the interaction between
flowers as signal senders and pollinators as signal receivers. Flower colors are very diverse …

The world in color presents a dazzling dimension of phenotypic variation. Biological interest
in this variation has burgeoned, due to both increased means for quantifying spectral …

The jawless fish that were ancestral to all living vertebrates had four spectral cone types that
were probably served by chromatic-opponent retinal circuits. Subsequent evolution of …

Angiosperms, the flowering plants, provide the essential resources for human life, such as
food, energy, oxygen, and materials. They also promoted the evolution of human, animals …

Technological developments in municipal lighting are altering the spectral characteristics of
artificially lit habitats. Little is yet known of the biological consequences of such changes …