Pleasure is mediated by well-developed mesocorticolimbic circuitry and serves adaptive
functions. In affective disorders, anhedonia (lack of pleasure) or dysphoria (negative affect) …

Reinforcement learning (RL) is the behavioral process of learning the values of actions and
objects. Most models of RL assume that the dopaminergic prediction error signal drives …

Stimulants such as methylphenidate are increasingly used for cognitive enhancement but
precise mechanisms are unknown. We found that methylphenidate boosts willingness to …

Dopamine is implicated in adaptive behavior through reward prediction error (RPE) signals
that update value estimates. There is also accumulating evidence that animals in structured …

As a carrier, nanoplastics (NPs) can adsorb other toxic substances and thus modify their
biological toxicity. Numerous studies have investigated the neurotoxic of high concentrations …

The striatum has been involved in complex behaviors such as motor control, learning,
decision-making, reward and aversion. The striatum is mainly composed of medium spiny …

Involvement of dopamine in regulating exploration during decision-making has long been
hypothesized, but direct causal evidence in humans is still lacking. Here, we use a …

The ability to learn about other people is crucial for human social functioning. Dopamine has
been proposed to regulate the precision of beliefs, but direct behavioural evidence of this is …

Delusions are, by popular definition, false beliefs that are held with certainty and resistant to
contradictory evidence. They seem at odds with the notion that the brain at least …

Dopamine fundamentally contributes to reinforcement learning, but recent accounts also
suggest a contribution to specific action selection mechanisms and the regulation of …