Kidney stones (also known as urinary stones or nephrolithiasis) are highly prevalent,
affecting approximately 10% of adults worldwide, and the incidence of stone disease is …

Osteoclasts are the principal, if not exclusive, bone-resorbing cells, and their activity has a
profound impact on skeletal health. So, disorders of skeletal insufficiency, such as …

I. Introduction B ONE is a complex tissue in which resorption and formation continue
throughout life. This process is called bone remodeling. Osteotropic hormones such as 1α …

Baking soda and vinegar have been used as home remedies for generations and today we
are only a mouse-click away from claims that baking soda, lemon juice, and apple cider …

The term renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is applied to a group of transport defects in the
reabsorption of bicarbonate (HCO3 J), the excretion of hydrogen ion (H+), or both. This …

Metabolism of methanol, methyl ethers, esters and amides give rise to formic acid. This acid
is an inhibitor of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase causing histotoxic hypoxia. Formic …

The osteoclast is a hematopoietic cell derived from CFU-GM and branches from the
monocyte-macrophage lineage early during the differentiation process. The marrow …

The remarkable increase in research in bone biology during the last two decades has both
enhanced our understanding of the regulation of bone remodelling and enabled us to define …

The kidney plays a fundamental role in maintaining body salt and fluid balance and blood
pressure homeostasis through the actions of its proximal and distal tubular segments of …

Bilateral almost symmetric calcification involving striatum, pallidum with or without deposits
in dentate nucleus, thalamus and white matter is reported from asymptomatic individuals to a …