Trained immunity is a functional state of the innate immune response and is characterized
by long-term epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells. This concept originated in …

Vaccines are one of the most significant medical interventions in the fight against infectious
diseases. Since their discovery by Edward Jenner in 1796, vaccines have reduced the …

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) act as important regulators of tumorigenesis and
development in bladder cancer. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain …

SARS-CoV-2 has been confirmed in over 450 million confirmed cases since 2019. Although
several vaccines have been certified by the WHO and people are being vaccinated on a …

From being questioned by most scientists to taking center stage in mainstream cancer
treatment, cancer immunotherapy has gone through more than a century. The past decade …

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by respiratory infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains
a major global health threat. The only licensed TB vaccine, the one-hundred-year-old Bacille …

Background The functional status of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and tumor
characteristics may explain bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) failure in high-risk non–muscle …

Cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) function at different stages of the
cancer immune cycle due to their distinct mechanisms of action. Therapeutic cancer …

Bladder cancer is a prevalent but currently understudied cancer type and patient outcomes
are poor when it progresses to the muscle-invasive stage. Current research in bladder …

Bladder cancer ranks among the most common cancers globally. At diagnosis, 75% of
patients have non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Patients with low-risk NMIBC …