The poor predictability of human liver toxicity is still causing high attrition rates of drug
candidates in the pharmaceutical industry at the non-clinical, clinical, and post-marketing …

Organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) family transporters accept a number of drugs
and are increasingly being recognized as important factors in governing drug and …

Early prediction of clearance mechanisms allows for the rapid progression of drug discovery
and development programs, and facilitates risk assessment of the pharmacokinetic …

Introduction: Drug transporters play an important role in the absorption, distribution, and
excretion (ADE) of many drugs. In the last several years it has become increasingly clear …

Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency have
issued new guidance for industry on drug interaction studies, which outline comprehensive …

Intracellular concentrations of drugs and metabolites are often important determinants of
efficacy, toxicity, and drug interactions. Hepatic drug distribution can be affected by many …

This white paper provides a critical analysis of methods for estimating transporter kinetics
and recommendations on proper parameter calculation in various experimental systems …

The use of statins is widespread across disease areas because many patients have
comorbidities. Given that these drugs have become common as comedications, it is …

This white paper examines recent progress, applications, and challenges in predicting
unbound and total tissue and intra/subcellular drug concentrations using in vitro and …

Intracellular unbound drug concentrations determine affinity to targets in the cell interior.
However, due to difficulties in measuring them, they are often overlooked in pharmacology …