Ischaemic stroke is a leading cause of disability and death for which no acute treatments
exist beyond recanalization. The development of novel therapies has been repeatedly …

A large and expending body of evidence indicates that the gut-brain axis likely plays a
crucial role in neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). As a whole, the gut …

The gastrointestinal tract is in a state of constant motion. These movements are tightly
regulated by the presence of food and help digestion by mechanically breaking down and …

The pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is multifactorial and probably
involves genetic predisposition and the effect of environmental factors. Unlike other …

Cerebral stroke is a common neurological disease and often causes severe neurological
deficits. With high morbidity, mortality, and disability rates, stroke threatens patients' life …

Patients with Parkinson disease (PD) experience a range of non-motor symptoms, including
gastrointestinal symptoms. These symptoms can be present in the prodromal phase of the …

Chronic intestinal pseudo‐obstruction is a rare and heterogeneous syndrome characterized
by recurrent symptoms of intestinal obstruction with radiological features of dilated small or …

Gastroparesis is characterized by symptoms suggestive of, and objective evidence of,
delayed gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction. This review addresses …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complicated neurodegenerative disease, of which
gastrointestinal disturbance appears prior to motor symptoms. Numerous studies have shed …

Neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD) is a common condition in individuals with spinal cord
injury (SCI) or multiple sclerosis (MS). It usually entails constipation, difficult evacuation of …