A balance in immune response against an unfamiliar pathogen is crucial to eliminate the
infection. A cascade of cell signaling events is immediately activated upon sensing the …

Background Signaling by toll-like receptors (TLRs) initiates important immune responses
against viral infection. The role of TLRs in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 …

Interferon (IFN) signaling resulting from external or internal inflammatory processes initiates
the rapid release of cytokines and chemokines to target viral or bacterial invasion, as well as …

The pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a high mortality rate and
poses a significant threat to the population. The disease may progress with mild symptoms …

The SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2)-related pandemic
disease COVID-19, which began in China in 2019, became the leading cause of fatalities …

Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is one of the leading causes of mortality in COVID-19
patients caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. However, the mechanism of CRS induced …

It is assumed that upon SARS-CoV-2 infection granulocytes can undergo potentially
destructive oxidative burst. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate some parameters …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may be involved both in the initial failure of viral clearance and in
the subsequent development of severe clinical manifestations of COVID-19, essentially …

Symbiont bacteria that colonize the body of human have recently been identified as major
components of an individual health and a variety of infectious diseases. The intestinal …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key sensors that recognize the pathogen-associated
molecular patterns (PAMPs) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS …